Nontrinitarianism
“The trinity of God is defined by the church as the belief that in God are three persons who subsist in one nature”—Dictionary of the Bible, page 800, by John L McKenzie, S. J.
Something “defined by the church” influences many people in the world. But, more importantly, is “the trinity of God” found in the scriptures?
“The brief as so defined by the church was reached only in the 4th and 5th centuries AD and hence is not explicitly and formally a biblical belief”—Dictionary of the Bible, page 800, by John L McKenzie, S. J.
This Roman Catholic theologian and Bible scholar admits “the trinity of God” “is not . . . a biblical belief”. Why would a Christian want to believe something that is not a Biblical belief?
WHAT IS NONTRINITARIANISM?
Those who accept the truth that “the trinity of God” “is not . . . a biblical belief” are labeled “Nontinitarians”.
“Nontrinitarianism is a form of Christianity that rejects the orthodox Christian theology of the Trinity—the belief that God is three distinct hypostases or persons who are coeternal, coequal, and indivisibly united in one being, or essence (from the Ancient Greek ousia). Certain religious groups that emerged during the Protestant Reformation have historically been known as antitrinitarian.[citation needed]—Wikipedia
They are even derogatorily labeled “antitrinitarian”.
WHEN DID THE “CHRISTIAN” TRINITY ORIGINATE?
“According to churches that consider the decisions of ecumenical councils final, trinitarianism was definitively declared to be Christian doctrine at the 4th-century ecumenical councils,[1][2][3] that of the First Council of Nicaea (325), which declared the full divinity of the Son,[4] and the First Council of Constantinople (381), which declared the divinity of the Holy Spirit.[5]“—-Wikipedia
What is interesting about this is that history tells us the Trinity doctrine wasn’t even formulated until the year 381, which is about 300 years after the Bible was written, which fact in, and of, itself, makes it highly suspect.
WHO ARE SOME NONTRINITARIANS?
“In terms of number of adherents, nontrinitarian denominations comprise a small minority of modern Christians. After the denominations in the Oneness Pentecostal movement, the largest nontrinitarian Christian denominations are the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Jehovah’s Witnesses, La Luz del Mundo, and Iglesia ni Cristo. There are a number of other smaller groups, including Christadelphians, Church of the Blessed Hope, Christian Scientists, Dawn Bible Students, Living Church of God, Assemblies of Yahweh, Members Church of God International, Unitarian Christians, Unitarian Universalist Christians, The Way International, the Philadelphia Church of God, The Church of God International, the United Church of God, Church of God General Conference, Restored Church of God, Christian Disciples Church, and Church of God of the Faith of Abraham.[6]“–Wikipedia
Even though they are sometimes derided for being in the minority, there are a number of groups and individuals who reject the Trinity dogma as being unscriptural, even going so far as to consider it a “a false doctrine” and a ‘doctrine of demons’ (1 Timothy 4:1 NASB; LSB).
What do the scriptures themselves tell us?
IS NONTRINITARIANISM BIBLICAL?
“One God and Father of all” (Ephesians 4:6). The one God is identified as the Father.
“‘YAHWEH OUR GOD IS ONE YAHWEH’ . . . ‘HE IS ONE, AND THERE IS NO ONE ELSE BESIDES HIM . . . LOVE HIM WITH ALL THE HEART'” Mark 12:29,30 LSB margin). Yahweh is just one Yahweh. Personal pronouns describing him are in the singular, “He” and “him”, not the plural “they” and “them”.
“For us there is one God, the Father” (1 Corinthians 8:6 LSB). The “one God” is the Father.
“Now a mediator is not for one party only; but God is only one” (Galatians 3:20 New American Standard Bible). “God is only one”, not 3-in-1.
“For there is one God. There is also one mediator between God and the human race, Christ Jesus” (1 Timothy 2:5 NAB). “Christ Jesus” is obviously not included in the “one God”, because he’s ‘the one mediator between God and humans’.
From the above, we can see that Nontrinitarianism is what is taught in the Scriptures.
7 thoughts on “Nontrinitarianism”
The Trinity is a false and ridiculous idea, as we have discussed many times.
Also, God does not exist. We now know this and have proven it.
Argument 79.
Argument Against God Based on Bone Cancer in Children: 5-30-2017, 6-25-2025
1. Definition: God is 1) the hypothetical, unique, exclusive, supernatural, self-sufficient, free, spiritual, normally invisible person, conscious intelligent agent, or sentient entity (primary traits). He/she* is maximally enduring, present, intelligent, rational, knowing, creative, powerful, and resilient (primary traits). He/she wants, but does not need, loving relationships with other persons (primary trait). He/she is also maximally loving, compassionate, cooperative, and moral with respect to other persons (secondary traits). He/she is designer and creator of the cosmos, occasional interventionist in the world, and the afterlife manager who decides the favorable or unfavorable disposition of human souls after they die (secondary traits). or 2) the Greatest Imaginable Possible Person (the “GIPPer”) or ideal person who, if he/she existed, would possess all desirable traits to the highest degrees and no undesirable traits, and who would be worthy of our greatest respect, admiration, and worship. (*Since God would not have a sex or gender, I shall use both male and female pronouns to refer to God.) (29A)
2. If God did exist, he would prevent bone cancer in children and there would be no bone cancer in children.
3. But there is bone cancer in children.
4. Therefore, God does not exist.
The Creator, Almighty God, informed the first humans that they were essentially “free”, but that obedience to his principles for living was vital for their well-being, in fact, their life (Genesis 2:15-17 NIV). The rebellious angel called Satan the Devil influenced them to violate the Creator’s law, claiming that God was withholding good things from them, and that they would be better off to disobey God (Genesis 3:1-6; Revelation 12:9). Afterward the Creator foretold the tragic and disastrous results that would follow after the first humans rejected God’s law (Genesis 3:16-19).
The result has been that, “just as sin entered the world through one man, and death through sin, and in this way death came to all people, because all sinned” (Romans 5:12 NIV). All humans born since (except Jesus) have been born “sinful” (Psalm 51:5 NIV). Thus, we live in a very sinful world, in which everyone makes mistakes, does bad things, and some, of course, much worse than others. The Bible realistically explains what happens in this world:
“We do not know when our time will come; like fish caught in the treacherous net, like birds caught in the snare, just so are we all trapped by misfortune when it suddenly overtakes us” (Ecclesiastes 9:12 NJB). While we certainly do have quite a bit of control over our individual “actions” (Galatians 6:4 NIV), the stark reality is that there are many things in this life that we simply have no control over.
“In this meaningless life of mine I have seen both of these: the righteous perishing in their righteousness, and the wicked living long in their wickedness” (Ecclesiastes 7:15 NIV). Only the Bible accurately explains the reasons behind the harsh realities of this life, such as why bad things happen to good people.
“When I applied my mind to know wisdom and to observe the labor that is done on earth — people getting no sleep day or night — then I saw all that God has done. No one can comprehend what goes on under the sun. Despite all their efforts to search it out, no one can discover its meaning. Even if the wise claim to know it, they really cannot comprehend it” (Ecclesiastes 8:16,17 NIV). While God has “revealed” (Deuteron0my 29:29 NIV) the basic things that we really need to know, there are many other things that we don’t know, and will not be able to find out, or figure out, in this world.
“The same destiny overtakes all . . . they join the dead.” “Death is the destiny of everyone; the living should take this to heart” (Ecclesiastes 9:2,3; 7:3 NIV). Everyone, good or bad, is facing death, sooner or later. There is no escape from it in this world.
“The whole world lies under the sway of the wicked one” (1 John 5:19 NKJV), because God has allowed him to be the temporary “ruler of this world” (John 12:31; 14:30; 16:11 NKJV), which helps to explain why bad things happen to good people now. Satan exerts powerful negative influence in this sinful world, with some limitations, as the Bible indicates (Job 1,2; James 4:7). Will God ever do anything about it?
“The Son of God was revealed to destroy the works of the devil” (1 John 3:8 NAB), including sin. “What has been written will come true: ‘Death has been swallowed up in victory'” (1 Corinthians 15:54 NIV). In his due time, God will eliminate death and all its effects, and “will crush Satan (Romans 16:20 NKJV). “There will be no more death . . . these words are trustworthy and true” (Revelation 21:4,5 NIV). In the eternity that God has in store for those who serve him no more bad things will happen.
That’s all well and good, one wonders, but what about all the depressing thoughts and haunting memories of terrible things that have happened in the past?
“The former things will not be remembered, nor will they come to mind” (Isaiah 65:17 NIV). For those who are given eternal life by God, they will have no bad memories or depressing thoughts, nor any “mourning or crying or pain” (Revelation 21:4 NIV).
we have reviewed why good people often experience terrible things, because of God’s allowance of: (1) sin; and (2) Satan’s challenge to God’s rulership to be settled; and (3) Satan’s rulership over the world. We’ve also reviewed what God is going to do about it.
BA2: The Creator, Almighty God, informed the first humans that they were essentially “free”, but that obedience to his principles for living was vital for their well-being, in fact, their life (Genesis 2:15-17 NIV).
GW2: “Essentially free”? How does that differ from “free”? Does it mean that we are not free in all ways? Explain.
GW2: God does not exist, as proven by the argument I just presented to you last round. Here you are just interpreting the story of Adam and Eve which appears in Genesis to fit your preconceptions of God. We know the story is false, and so you are just presenting an “ad hoc” explanation of falsehoods. If God did exist, he would not forbid human persons to eat fruit from a tree or to increase their knowledge. But if he did forbid these actions, he would not punish them so harshly and across generations, as depicted in the Genesis story. For him to do so would be immoral, and instead God would be perfectly moral. Genesis is internally contradictory.
BA2: The rebellious angel called Satan the Devil influenced them to violate the Creator’s law, claiming that God was withholding good things from them, and that they would be better off to disobey God (Genesis 3:1-6; Revelation 12:9).
GW2: This is complete nonsense! If God did exist (he doesn’t), he would never create Satan or the Devil or even any angel who would become Satan or the Devil. To create that monster would be immoral, and instead God would be perfectly moral.
BA2: Afterward the Creator foretold the tragic and disastrous results that would follow after the first humans rejected God’s law (Genesis 3:16-19).
GW2: Why do you use the term “Creator” rather than “God”? God would be much more than merely a creator of the cosmos. In the standard definition, God has 29 attributes. But if God did exist, he would neither promise nor deliver a punishment to Adam and Eve which was as harsh and trans-generational as that described in Genesis.
GW2: Are you implying that God’s punishment of Adam and Eve would include cancer in children descended from them? Are you really making that jump? Explain and justify.
BA2: The result has been that, “just as sin entered the world through one man, and death through sin, and in this way death came to all people, because all sinned” (Romans 5:12 NIV).
GW2: The words in quotes here are not a complete sentence. I think you are misquoting the Bible. Please don’t do that.
BA2: All humans born since (except Jesus) have been born “sinful” (Psalm 51:5 NIV).
GW2: This is complete nonsense! Because God does not exist, sin does not exist! Duh. Also, if God did exist, sin would be an act in disobedience to God. So, babies are not born sinful. They don’t even know what God and sin are. And they don’t have the cognitive abilities to make wise choices. Do they even make choices? Do they know what choices are?
BA2: Thus, we live in a very sinful world, in which everyone makes mistakes, does bad things, and some, of course, much worse than others.
GW2: No, we don’t. Because God does not exist, sin does not exist and a sinful world does not exist. People make mistakes and sometimes behave immorally, but they don’t sin. What does this have to do with cancer in children? Do the children sin and cause their own cancer? Explain and justify your answers.
BA2: The Bible realistically explains what happens in this world:
GW2: No. The Bible authors do not give realistic explanations, and neither do you, as you try to interpret the Bible.
BA2: “We do not know when our time will come; like fish caught in the treacherous net, like birds caught in the snare, just so are we all trapped by misfortune when it suddenly overtakes us” (Ecclesiastes 9:12 NJB).
GW2: This is one of the small percentage of verses in the Bible which is true. We don’t know when we will die, but sometimes physicians can be pretty accurate within the range of an hour.
BA2: While we certainly do have quite a bit of control over our individual “actions” (Galatians 6:4 NIV), the stark reality is that there are many things in this life that we simply have no control over.
GW2: Ya think? We don’t have control over tornados. If God did exist, he would have control over them, and he would prevent them or steer them away from people and their property. Tornados do tremendous harm throughout the world every year.
BA2: “In this meaningless life of mine I have seen both of these: the righteous perishing in their righteousness, and the wicked living long in their wickedness” (Ecclesiastes 7:15 NIV).
GW2: This happens some of the time. In a world with God, would it ever happen? I think not. God would have both the power and the motivation to ensure justice in this life.
BA2: Only the Bible accurately explains the reasons behind the harsh realities of this life, such as why bad things happen to good people.
GW2: No, it doesn’t. But I will indulge your fantasies. How does the Bible accurately explain cancer in children, if God did exist?
BA2: “When I applied my mind to know wisdom and to observe the labor that is done on earth — people getting no sleep day or night — then I saw all that God has done.
GW2: The author is mistaken. Unfortunately at that time, he did not know that God does not exist. Now we know.
BA2: No one can comprehend what goes on under the sun. Despite all their efforts to search it out, no one can discover its meaning. Even if the wise claim to know it, they really cannot comprehend it” (Ecclesiastes 8:16,17 NIV).
GW2: The universe itself and the natural laws of the universe have no meaning. Perhaps if God did exist, they would. Here are some questions for you:
1. If God did exist, why would he create a universe at all?
2. If he did exist, why would he create human persons?
3. If he did exist, why would he communicate with human persons, if he ever would?
4. If he did exist and did communicate, how would he communicate with human persons? Why that way?
BA2: While God has “revealed” (Deuteron0my 29:29 NIV) the basic things that we really need to know, there are many other things that we don’t know, and will not be able to find out, or figure out, in this world.
GW2: No. Absolutely not! If God did exist, he has not revealed or communicated what we “really need to know”. How would you know he revealed such things? What would be those things that we “really need to know”? Why is there so much disagreement among people about those things?
BA2: “The same destiny overtakes all . . . they join the dead.” “Death is the destiny of everyone; the living should take this to heart” (Ecclesiastes 9:2,3; 7:3 NIV). Everyone, good or bad, is facing death, sooner or later. There is no escape from it in this world.
GW2: Nobody escapes death, not even the Christian, not even you. I like it that you are now doing more quoting of the book of Ecclesiastes, which may be the most rational book of the Bible.
BA2: “The whole world lies under the sway of the wicked one” (1 John 5:19 NKJV), because God has allowed him to be the temporary “ruler of this world” (John 12:31; 14:30; 16:11 NKJV), which helps to explain why bad things happen to good people now. Satan exerts powerful negative influence in this sinful world, with some limitations, as the Bible indicates (Job 1,2; James 4:7).
GW2: This is a ridiculous idea when you think carefully about it. If God did exist, he would not create “the wicked one,” Satan, or the Devil. There would be no good purpose in doing that. If you disagree, then present, explain, and defend that purpose.
BA2: Will God ever do anything about it?
GW2: No. God does not exist to do anything about harms in the world. This is why we still have genocide and slavery. If God did exist, those horrible actions would never occur.
BA2: “The Son of God was revealed to destroy the works of the devil” (1 John 3:8 NAB), including sin.
GW2: Pure nonsense! If God did exist, neither the Son of God nor the devil would exist. Duh. God would not use offspring, messengers, or intermediaries to do his work. He would do his own work! God would not be impotent, lazy, or shy. Of course, you don’t worship God, do you? You worship a lesser deity. But nobody should worship any deity who had the power to prevent the Holocaust but didn’t. Unlike you, I would never worship that deity.
BA2: “What has been written will come true: ‘Death has been swallowed up in victory’” (1 Corinthians 15:54 NIV).
GW2: Nope. We still have death. As you get older haven’t you noticed that more and more of your family and friends are dying?
BA2: In his due time, God will eliminate death and all its effects, and “will crush Satan (Romans 16:20 NKJV).
GW2: Nope. God does not exist to do anything. Satan would not exist, whether God existed or not. If God did exist, he would not have created death in the first place. There is no good reason to introduce death into the world, especially to human persons.
BA2: “There will be no more death . . . these words are trustworthy and true” (Revelation 21:4,5 NIV). In the eternity that God has in store for those who serve him no more bad things will happen.
GW2: This makes no sense. If God would create a world with no death, then he would have created that world here. There is no morally justified reason for God to create death at all. If you think there is, then present the reason here.
BA2: That’s all well and good, one wonders, but what about all the depressing thoughts and haunting memories of terrible things that have happened in the past?
GW2: Most of those terrible things would not have occurred at all, if God did exist.
BA2: “The former things will not be remembered, nor will they come to mind” (Isaiah 65:17 NIV). For those who are given eternal life by God, they will have no bad memories or depressing thoughts, nor any “mourning or crying or pain” (Revelation 21:4 NIV).
GW2: Which is more ethical – 1) to allow/cause horrible harms and then later erase the memories of those harms of the victims or 2) to allow/cause horrible harms and then later justly compensate victims and justly punish any offenders, or 3) to prevent horrible harms in the first place? Explain your answer. If God did exist, why wouldn’t he give us a choice of these three different worlds? Why would he coerce us into one? I thought God was big on free choice.
BA2: we have reviewed why good people often experience terrible things, because of God’s allowance of: (1) sin; and
GW2: That allowance of sin would be irrelevant to cancer in children. These children either have not sinned or have not sinned to a degree to warrant getting cancer. Getting cancer by children does not have the pattern of being a just punishment, and therefore it could not be any punishment from God, even if he did exist.
BA2: (2) Satan’s challenge to God’s rulership to be settled; and (3) Satan’s rulership over the world.
GW2: Satan does not exist now and would not exist, if God did exist, and so he does not cause cancer in children.
BA2: We’ve also reviewed what God is going to do about it.
GW2: If God did exist, he would have prevented cancer in children. There wouldn’t be any cancer in children. But there is. Therefore, God does not and cannot exist. You have not solved the problem or refuted my argument.
GW2: How can you, people of the 21st century, still trust in a book written by ignorant, irrational, superstitious, and ancient people?
BA2: The result has been that, “just as sin entered the world through one man, and death through sin, and in this way death came to all people, because all sinned” (Romans 5:12 NIV).
GW2: The words in quotes here are not a complete sentence. I think you are misquoting the Bible. Please don’t do that.
BA—You don’t know what you’re talking about. This is quoted from Bible Hub:
“Therefore, just as sin entered the world through one man, and death through sin, and in this way death came to all people, because all sinned” (Romans 5:12 New International Version).
BA2: The result has been that, “just as sin entered the world through one man, and death through sin, and in this way death came to all people, because all sinned” (Romans 5:12 NIV).
GW2: The words in quotes here are not a complete sentence. I think you are misquoting the Bible. Please don’t do that.
BA3: You don’t know what you’re talking about. This is quoted from Bible Hub:
“Therefore, just as sin entered the world through one man, and death through sin, and in this way death came to all people, because all sinned” (Romans 5:12 New International Version).
GW3: Ok, I now see that you correctly quoted the verse. I withdraw the charge.
GW3: According to the story, one man, i.e. Adam, sinned. A sin is any behavior which violates a command, rule, requirement, and maybe wish of God. After Adam (and Eve too) sinned by eating a fruit or acquiring knowledge, God allegedly punished them with death and punished all their descendants with death! But this is impossible! First, God would never command anyone to not eat fruit or not gain knowledge. Secondly, God would not punish this sin with death to Adam and Eve. That would be too harsh. And lastly, God would not punish the descendants of Adam and Eve because of their sins. That would be transgenerational, not individual, punishment. All three of these acts would be immoral. But by nature, God would be perfectly moral. Therefore, we have a contradiction here. Therefore, the Genesis story cannot be true and cannot be “the Word of God.”
GW3: And you still have not adequately addressed this argument:
Argument 79.
Argument Against God Based on Bone Cancer in Children: 5-30-2017, 6-25-2025
1. Definition: God is 1) the hypothetical, unique, exclusive, supernatural, self-sufficient, free, spiritual, normally invisible person, conscious intelligent agent, or sentient entity (primary traits). He/she* is maximally enduring, present, intelligent, rational, knowing, creative, powerful, and resilient (primary traits). He/she wants, but does not need, loving relationships with other persons (primary trait). He/she is also maximally loving, compassionate, cooperative, and moral with respect to other persons (secondary traits). He/she is designer and creator of the cosmos, occasional interventionist in the world, and the afterlife manager who decides the favorable or unfavorable disposition of human souls after they die (secondary traits). or 2) the Greatest Imaginable Possible Person (the “GIPPer”) or ideal person who, if he/she existed, would possess all desirable traits to the highest degrees and no undesirable traits, and who would be worthy of our greatest respect, admiration, and worship. (*Since God would not have a sex or gender, I shall use both male and female pronouns to refer to God.) (29A)
2. If God did exist, he would prevent bone cancer in children and there would be no bone cancer in children.
3. But there is bone cancer in children.
4. Therefore, God does not exist.
GW3: According to the story, one man, i.e. Adam, sinned. A sin is any behavior which violates a command, rule, requirement, and maybe wish of God. After Adam (and Eve too) sinned by eating a fruit or acquiring knowledge, God allegedly punished them with death and punished all their descendants with death! But this is impossible! First, God would never command anyone to not eat fruit or not gain knowledge.
BA—You have a misunderstanding. The Hebrew “yadah” (Strong’s 3045) means an intimate/experiential knowing. God warned them what to avoid, so their lives would be carefree and happy.
They disobeyed, knowing sin intimately/experientially, and the results were disastrous.
GW– God would not punish this sin with death to Adam and Eve. That would be too harsh.
BA—False assumption.
GW— God would not punish the descendants of Adam and Eve because of their sins. That would be transgenerational, not individual, punishment.
BA—God didn’t punish Adam’s descendants.
They inherited sin from their parents.
You wear corrective lens. Why? Did your parents punish you?
No, you inherited your vision impairment.
God had every right to annihilate Adam & Eve on the spot. In that case, we wouldn’t be here.
Instead God allowed them to live for some time, and produced offspring, and here we are.
GW3: According to the story, one man, i.e. Adam, sinned. A sin is any behavior which violates a command, rule, requirement, and maybe wish of God. After Adam (and Eve too) sinned by eating a fruit or acquiring knowledge, God allegedly punished them with death and punished all their descendants with death! But this is impossible! First, God would never command anyone to not eat fruit or not gain knowledge.
BA4: You have a misunderstanding. The Hebrew “yadah” (Strong’s 3045) means an intimate/experiential knowing. God warned them what to avoid, so their lives would be carefree and happy.
GW4: What is your definition of “intimate/experiential knowing”? To what specific behavior does that refer?
BA4: They disobeyed, knowing sin intimately/experientially, and the results were disastrous.
GW4: Yes, the results were disastrous, too harsh, and immoral.
GW3: God would not punish this sin with death to Adam and Eve. That would be too harsh.
BA: False assumption.
GW4: No, it is a true conclusion. If you think otherwise, present your explanation and defense.
GW3: God would not punish the descendants of Adam and Eve because of their sins. That would be transgenerational, not individual, punishment.
BA4: God didn’t punish Adam’s descendants.
GW4: Yes, he did. Read the story.
BA4: They inherited sin from their parents.
GW4: God caused the inheritance to the descendants as a punishment of Adam and Eve, and henceforth any sin by the descendants resulted in death too. This is transgenerational punishment which violates the ethical standard of individual accountability. If he did exist, God would never do this. And so, we know the story of Adam and Eve is false and could not be “the Word of God.”
BA4: You wear corrective lens. Why? Did your parents punish you?
GW4: Yes, I do. Yes, but not for bad eyesight.
BA4: No, you inherited your vision impairment.
GW4: But you are missing the point. If God did exist, he would not cause the descendants of Adam and Eve to inherit any propensity to sin or death as a punishment of any sin because of the sins of Adam and Eve. That would be unfair, unjust, and unethical. God would never do that. Now, maybe your lesser deity would do that, but that is a deity nobody should worship, even if it did exist.
BA4: God had every right to annihilate Adam & Eve on the spot.
GW4: No, he didn’t! Intentionally causing premature death is morally wrong. God would not do that. He would be perfectly moral, if he did exist. Annihilation is not an ethical punishment. Punishment is for correction and training. Proper punishment is fair, just, proportional, forewarned, and educational.
GW4: You still have not made an adequate response to this argument:
Argument 79.
Argument Against God Based on Bone Cancer in Children: 5-30-2017, 6-25-2025
1. Definition: God is 1) the hypothetical, unique, exclusive, supernatural, self-sufficient, free, spiritual, normally invisible person, conscious intelligent agent, or sentient entity (primary traits). He/she* is maximally enduring, present, intelligent, rational, knowing, creative, powerful, and resilient (primary traits). He/she wants, but does not need, loving relationships with other persons (primary trait). He/she is also maximally loving, compassionate, cooperative, and moral with respect to other persons (secondary traits). He/she is designer and creator of the cosmos, occasional interventionist in the world, and the afterlife manager who decides the favorable or unfavorable disposition of human souls after they die (secondary traits). or 2) the Greatest Imaginable Possible Person (the “GIPPer”) or ideal person who, if he/she existed, would possess all desirable traits to the highest degrees and no undesirable traits, and who would be worthy of our greatest respect, admiration, and worship. (*Since God would not have a sex or gender, I shall use both male and female pronouns to refer to God.) (29A)
2. If God did exist, he would prevent bone cancer in children and there would be no bone cancer in children.
3. But there is bone cancer in children.
4. Therefore, God does not exist.